Transmission pathway of Enterobacteriaceae from reared fish and surrounding environment to water body in Batang Ai reservoir, Sarawak, Borneo

This study was aimed to determine the genetic distribution and characteristics of bacterial family in Batang Ai reservoir their possible sources transmission into lake water. Surface water samples were collected from twenty-seven sampling points scattered around four fish obtained an aquaculture farm located within reservoir. The plated on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) plates for isolation Enterobacteriaceae. A total 141 colonies isolated culture subjected (GTG)5 PCR analysis similarities among isolates. dendrogram plotted based patterns representative isolates selected identity confirmation using 16S rRNA sequencing. Based sequencing, five genera Enterobacteriaceae identified as Enterobacter, Escherichia, Shigella, Klebsiella Pseudocitrobacter, consisting 12 species, namely Enterobacter hormaechei, E. hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis, cloacae, cloacae dissolvens, kobei, tabaci, Shigella boydii, S. flexneri, Pseudocitrobacter faecalis, Escherichia fergusonii, coli pneumoniae. 14 antibiotics seven anti-microbial classes including penicillins, cephems, monobactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones fluoroquinolones, phenicols tested against species found have multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index below 0.2, suggesting those derived low risk contamination sources. With exception ampicillin tetracycline, all 25% or less displaying resistance. Most (70%) showed toward ampicillin. demonstrated indexes ranging 0.214 0.5. presence antibiotic-resistant bacteria may pose infections through water-related activities consumption harbouring antimicrobial species. It proven that transmitted surrounding environments reservoir, thus it is proposed a guideline be carried out created imposed.